Bing is a web search engine owned and operated by Microsoft. The service has its origins in Microsoft's previous search engines: MSN Search, Windows Live Search and. 2.4 Extensions to TEX 2.5 Other notable programs in TEX Live 3 Installation 3.1 Starting the installer 3.1.1 Unix 3.1.2 Mac OS X 3.1.3 Windows 3.1.4 Cygwin. Or TEXLIVE_INSTALL_TEXDIR); see the documentation from install-tl --help (available online at for the full list and more.

• • Part of the book series (LNCS, volume 5729) Abstract This paper describes the development of an open-source tool named Trdlo. Trdlo was developed as part of our effort to build a machine translation system between very close languages. These languages usually do not have available pre-processed linguistic resources or dictionaries suitable for computer processing. Bilingual dictionaries have a big impact on quality of translation. Proposed methods described in this paper attempt to extend existing dictionaries with inferable translation pairs. Our approach requires only ‘cheap’ resources: a list of lemmata for each language and rules for inferring words from one language to another.

It is also possible to use other resources like annotated corpora or Wikipedia. Results show that this approach greatly improves effectivity of building Czech-Slovak dictionary.

Listing of Czechs executed for breaching Nazi gun ban on 21 October 1944 Germany, Poland and Hungary seized Czech borderland following the with UK, France and Italy, in October 1938, immediately putting into force their own restrictive gun laws within the occupied territory. On 15 March 1939, Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia. On the very first day, Chief Commander of German forces ordered surrender of all firearms present within the occupied territory. This pertained not only to civilian owned firearms, but also to those held by the police force. In August 1939, this order was replaced by Regulation of No. The regulation again ordered surrender of all firearms and introduced personal responsibility of land plot owners for all firearms that would be find within their property.

Reich and Protectorate officials (including police) and SS Members were exempt from the gun ban. Licensed hunters could own up to 5 hunting guns and up to 50 pieces of ammunition. Long rimfire rifles, sport pistols up to 6 mm calibre, air rifles and museum guns were allowed, however they needed to be registered. Simple failure to surrender a firearm carried up to 5 years imprisonment, while hiding of cache of firearms carried death penalty.

Offenders were tried in front of German courts. Another Regulation of October 1939 ordered surrender of all books on firearms and explosives, as well as all air rifles 'that look like military rifles', which was obviously aimed at vz.35 training air rifle that had appearance of vz.24 Czechoslovak main battle rifle.

From May 1940 onwards, illegal possession of a firearm was punishable by death. Communist gun ban [ ] The 1852 Imperial Regulation became again effective following the defeat of Germany in May 1945 and remained in force until 1950. In 1948, Communists conducted a successful coup in Czechoslovakia and started drafting a number of laws that would secure their grip on power, including the Firearms Act No. 162/1949 that became effective in February 1950. The new law introduced licensing for both possession and carrying. License to possess could be obtained from the District National (communist) Committee in case that 'there is no concern of possible misuse'. The same applied for license to carry, for which there was also a specific reason needed.

Since 1961, the authority to issue license was given to local police chiefs, subject to the same requirements. Given that state apparatus constantly feared counterrevolution, only those deemed loyal to the party had any chance of getting a license. Ministry of Interior issued in June 1962 a secret guidance no. 34/1962 which specified conditions under which the police chiefs may have issued a license in accordance with the 1949 enactment. License to possess and carry short firearms may have been issued to named categories of persons (members of government, deputies, party functionaries, communist people's militia members, procurators, judges, etc.).

Permit to possess and carry a long hunting rifle may have been issued only to 'certified and reliable persons devoted to the socialist system'. Referencing the secret guidance while issuing or denying the license was strictly forbidden. A new Firearms Act was adopted in 1983 as No.

License remained subject to consideration whether 'public interest' doesn't prevent firearms possession by the given person. Apart from other formalities, applicant needed to present also declaration from their employer. Licenses were now available for sport shooting purposes, whereby the applicant needed to present recommendation of a local sport shooting society (which was run by the party). For the first time, the applicant also needed to be cleared by his general practitioner. Licenses were issued for a period of 3 years subject to renewal.

Similarly as before, the enactment was accompanied by secret guidance of the Ministry of Interior No. The guidance again limited access to firearms to selected classes, mainly Communist Party members. Newly, sport shooters that achieved required performance bracket could also obtain license. Possession of hunting shotguns was less restrictive. Post Velvet Revolution liberal laws [ ] Following the Velvet Revolution, an amendment act No.

49/1990 Coll. Under the new law, any person older than 18, with clean criminal record, physically and mentally sound that did not pose threat of misuse of the firearm could have license issued. License may have been issued for purpose of hunting, sport shooting, exercise of profession and in special cases also for protection. Newly, denial of license could be challenged in court. A general overhaul of the gun laws took place through act No. 288/1995 Coll.

Under the new act, gun license became shall issue. Also possession and concealed carry of pistols and revolvers became shall issue. The law further introduced mandatory firearms registration.

Accession to required a new law compliant with the, which was passed in 2002. The law significantly liberalized gun ownership, for example by allowing any legal weapon to be owned for self-defense and legalizing semiautomatic firearms which look like automatic, despite introducing more EU required regulation.

Current law [ ] Under Act No. 119/2002 Coll. Every citizen that meets the act's conditions has the right to have firearms license issued and may then obtain a firearm. Holders of D (exercise of profession) and E (self-defense) licenses, which are also, can carry up to two concealed firearms for protection. License category Age Possession and ownership of firearm category Ammunition restriction Carrying Note No. (2016) A – Firearm collection 21 A (subject to may-issue exemption by police) B (subject to shall-issue permit) C (subject to later registration) 3 pcs or 1 smallest production package of the same type, caliber & brand No carry In case of ownership of any A category firearm, the person must allow access for inspection of its safe storage to police officers.

Field strip is usually required to demonstrate 'safe handling' Obtaining the license requires passing a theoretical and practical exam. • Theoretical exam: The theoretical exam consists of a written test of 30 multiple choice questions (Created and distributed by the Ministry of the Interior) with a maximum of 79 points possible. To pass the written exam, 67 points are needed for category A, 71 for category B or C, and 74 for category D or E.

The test deals with the following issues: • knowledge of firearms legislation, • knowledge of legislation related to legitimate use of firearm (e.g. Self-defense), • general knowledge of firearms and ammunition, and • first aid. • Practical exam • Safe handling: this comprises: • inspecting, whether the firearm is loaded (safely unloading), • field stripping as needed for clean-up, • preparation of firearm and ammunition for shooting, shooting, procedure of handling the firearm in case of malfunction, conclusion of shooting. Touching the trigger, pointing in different than appointed safe direction or trying to field strip loaded gun ( is used) results in the applicant failing the exam. Depending on the categories of licenses sought, applicants may be asked to show their ability of safe manipulation on multiple firearms (typically and/or pistol, bolt-action rifle and a double-barreled shotgun).

• Shooting test, which requires specific scores dependent on the category of license applied for: • For the B category license it is 25m on rifle target ( sheet sized) with 4 out of 5 rounds hitting the target sheet shooting from a rifle (2 out of five for A category). Chambered rifle is used. Alternatively, an applicant can shoot a pistol on 50/20 pistol target at 10 m. • For the C category license, the applicant must fires at 25m with a rifle (same as cat.

B) and also successfully hit the rifle target from the distance of 25m shooting from a shotgun (Usually double-barreled), 3 out of 4 rounds must hit the target (at least partially). • For the E category license, the applicant must successfully hit the international pistol target 50/20 (50 cm x 50 cm) from a distance of 10m (15m for D category license) shooting from a pistol, 4 out of 5 rounds must hit the sheet (2 out of 5 for A category). In each of the cases above, the actual score is irrelevant; the projectiles simply have to hit the target sheet within the circles. Also in each case, the applicant is allowed 3 test shots to familiarize with the particular firearm used for the test. The shotgun is an exception to this, where only one round is allowed as a test shot. A person can obtain more or all of the categories at once. But the set of categories needs to be known before the exam and highest score needs to be met.

Typically, people obtain E and B category because these two categories provides the best versatility (almost any firearm can be owned and carried concealed). The D category is required by the law for the members of the municipal police (members of the state police do not need license for on duty firearms) and does not itself permit private gun ownership (unless the person obtains also other license category).

Health clearance [ ] Applicant (license holder) must be cleared by his general practitioner as being fit to possess, carry and use a firearm. The health check includes probes into the applicant's anamnesis (i.e. Medical history) and a complete physical screening (including eyesight, hearing, balance). The doctor may request examination by a specialist in case he deems it necessary to exclude illnesses or handicaps stated in the respective governmental regulation. Specialist medical examination is obligatory in case of illnesses and handicaps that restrict the ability to drive a car. Governmental Regulation No.

493/2002 Coll. Divides the listed illnesses and handicaps into four groups, covering various issues from psychological and psychiatrical to eyesight and hearing (for example, the applicant must be able to hear casual speech over distance of 6 meters to be cleared for the E category). Generally, the regulation is more permissive when it comes to the license categories A and B, and more strict with view to the other categories, listing which illnesses and handicaps may curtail or outright prevent positive clearance by the general practitioner. The outcome of the medical examination may be either full clearance, denial, or conditional clearance that lists obligatory health accessories (glasses, hearing aid, etc.) or sets obligatory escort when armed (e.g. B – sport shooters with minor psychological issues, or with addiction habits cured more than three years prior to the health check). Barrel for dry firing for civilians at a police station in,. After unloading, a person aims the firearm into the barrel and dry fires it.

The barrel is constructed so as to safely contain a fired bullet in case the owner mistakenly leaves a live cartridge in the chamber. Criminal integrity [ ] The enactment specifies the amount of time which must elapse after a person is released from prison for serving time for particular groups of crimes. Ex-convicts punished for committing selected crimes, such as public endangerment, or participation in organized crime group or murder, if sentenced to more than 12 years imprisonment, may never fulfill this condition. There is a central registry of criminal offenses in the Czech Republic. The criminal integrity is reviewed notwithstanding any possible of the records for other purposes.

Is the most common gun in the country Each of the A, B, C and E categories of gun license allows the person to buy a B or C category of gun. Holders of an A category license may, after being granted may-issue exemption by the police, also purchase an A category firearm; holders of D category may possess and carry any category of firearm (which remains the property of the employer). In case of B license the person is allowed to use their guns at shooting ranges.

The C license is required by other laws for hunting. The E license allows the person to own a gun for self-defense purpose and carry the concealed weapon. All guns need to be registered with the police in 10 working days after buying except for the D category. • To obtain a gun from the A category (typically a full-automatic or select-fire firearm), the person must ask for a 'exemption' from the police and demonstrate a specific reason why they want such a weapon. • For private physical persons, the only acceptable reason is collecting; • for physical or legal persons having an armament license (this is a completely different certificate than the gun license) for professional purposes the acceptable reasons include providing security for dangerous or valuable shipments or VIP objects, manufacturing or testing of firearms, providing training in use of A category firearms, or filming in case that the firearm is adjusted for use of dummy rounds.

• The B category of guns (typically any semi-automatic firearm) requires permission from the police. Before buying the gun the person must visit the police and fill in the 'permit to buy, own and carry' form for the particular weapon (depending on the police department, usually caliber and type of weapon is required). As a formality, a person must state a justifiable reason for purchasing a B category firearm, which include collecting, sporting, hunting or cultural activity, conducting business with firearms and ammunition, providing security, exercise of profession and self-defense. The police will issue the permit in up to 30 days (usually immediately) and the permit is shall-issue if the applicant has a valid gun license (and fulfills all of its requirements, e.g. Clean criminal record); the purchase permit is valid for 12 months. The law specifies requirements for those owning more than 2, 10 and 20 firearms.

• The C category of guns can be bought at a gun shop after presenting the gun license. However, the gun needs to be registered later at the police. There is no limit in the law on number of owned guns. The law specifies requirements for those owning more than two weapons or more than 500 rounds of ammunition. The safe storage requirements are further exacerbated for those owning more than 10 and more than 20 firearms. Possession of a firearm that does not belong to category D without a gun license (as well as sale, manufacturing, procurment, etc.) is a criminal offense which carries a penalty of up to two years imprisonment (up to eight years in defined cases). Shooting ranges [ ] Firearm owners are allowed to practice only at licensed shooting ranges and may otherwise use the firearm only in case of self-defense, or when permitted by other laws (e.g.

As of 2014, there are almost two hundred places opened for the public. Any adult can visit such a range and shoot from available weapons, without restrictions or permits.

A person without a gun license has to be supervised (if younger than 18, then by a person at least 21 years old who has been a holder of a gun license for at least 3 years). Carrying a firearm [ ].

It is forbidden to carry any weapon during a public demonstration. Police often conducts searches for weapons especially in case of parallel demonstrations of ideological adversaries, such as left-wing and right-wing extremists. The picture depicts police cordon defending Parade 2008 in against intrusions by right-wing extremists: only those who undergo search for guns are allowed further. Holders of different categories of firearms licenses have different possibility of carrying their firearms. In general, it is prohibited to carry firearms to court buildings (they may be left for safe keeping with the judicial guard upon entry before passing through metal detector), at demonstrations or mass meetings. It is also generally considered irresponsible to take guns to clubs or bars even though it is not explicitly prohibited by law. Excel File Of All Sic Codes To Naics there.

Carrying a gun while intoxicated is, however, illegal and can lead to heavy fines and losing the gun license, with police frequently conducting intoxication tests of open-carrying hunters. Carrying guns in schools and campuses is not prohibited by law and there are no so called 'gun-free zones'. The Czech Republic is a relatively safe country: Prague, with the highest crime rate in the country, still ranks as one of the safest capitals in the. Considering the number of E category licenses issued, there are about 240,000 people who could potentially carry a firearm; however, it is not clear how many regularly do so. License types [ ] • No carry: Holders of A license (collection purposes) may only obtain and possess firearms (also those falling into the A – restricted guns category, subject to being granted a may-issue permit) and are not allowed to carry them or shoot with them. • Transport only: Holders of B (sport shooting) license may only transport their firearms to and from the areas designated for sport shooting.

The firearms must be transported in a closed container and in a manner that excludes their immediate use. Meanwhile, holders of C (hunting) license may too transport their firearms only to and from the areas designated for hunting in a manner that excludes their immediate use. In case that they use public transportation, the firearm must also be transported in a closed container, otherwise it may be transported (carried unloaded) openly. Halloween Games For Children. • Concealed carry: Holders of category D (exercise of profession) and E (self-defense) license may carry up to two firearms ready for immediate use (bullet-in-chamber). The firearms must be carried in concealed manner. The requirement of concealed carry applies also for D holders of restricted firearms (e.g.

Private security with fully automatic firearms). • Open carry: Only the members of and of the 's security, as holders of D (exercise of profession) license, may carry their firearms openly while on duty. Members of state police, prison service and other governmental security agencies do not need any gun license and are permitted/required by other laws to open or concealed carry while on duty. Open carry may be allowed by police for special occasions, such as gun shows, war reenactments or liberation day celebrations; these are however technically referred to as ' public display of firearm' rather than 'carrying'.

Each person that wishes to 'display' firearm must submit a request detailing the given occasion, firearm(s), their protection against theft, etc. Also, during these occasion the police often conducts inspections of gun holders regarding the respective paperwork and intoxication testing. Ammunition restrictions [ ]. Hollow point ammunition may be used only in long rifles.

In general, no ammunition with higher wounding potential is allowed. All of the high-penetrating () and ammunition is classified as category A (see above). The alternative to a hollow point ammunition was, which has been classified into the arms group A in mid 2009, effectively outlawing it. Therefore, only or soft-nosed semi-jacketed rounds and or just unjacketed bullets (lead only) are allowed. Generally, no ammunition with higher wounding potential is allowed. There is currently no restriction on caliber size and no restriction on magazine capacity. However, special safe storage requirements apply for those having more than 500, 10,000 and 20,000 bullets.

Armament licences [ ] Gun licences equivalent for legal persons, such as shooting ranges or private security companies. Divided into 11 categories. • A – Development or manufacturing of firearms/ammunition • B – Repairs, modifications or deactivation of firearms/ammunition • C – Firearms/ammunition buying and selling • D – Lending and safekeeping of firearms/ammunition • E – Deactivation or destruction of weapons/ammunition • F – Training in handling and using firearms/ammunition • G – Providing security for persons/property.

• H – Cultural, sports and hobby shooting activities. • I – Collecting and displaying firearms/ammunition • J – Securing tasks defined by special legal enactments. • K – Pyrotechnical Survey (Replaces F category gun licence in 2017) Self defense with firearms [ ] There are no specific legal provisions covering self-defense by a civilian using a firearm. The general provision regarding criminal aspects of self-defense are contained in the Section 29 ( Necessary self defense) of the Criminal Code. General provisions regarding civil liability in respect of self-defense are contained in the Section 14 of the Civil Code. In general, Czech penal theory recognizes certain classes of circumstances where criminal & civil liability will be excluded in respect of actions which would normally attract a criminal penalty.

These include, and other cases involving. Utmost necessity [ ] Utmost necessity may be invoked where an interest protected by the Criminal Code (such as or right to life) is endangered.

An example of necessity would be a defense against a raging dog (unless the dog was directly sent by the owner, which would be case of necessary defense). The necessity may be invoked only in case of imminent danger and only if there is no other way of avoiding it ( subsidiarity), such as locking oneself behind a fence or calling the police. Also, the consequence of the necessity must be less serious than the consequence of the endangering act ( proportionality).

The versions of ČZ 75 are specially designed for concealed carry and prompt defence over short distances Necessity is excluded in cases where: • the consequence of necessity is equal to or greater than that of endangerment • the necessity continues after the endangerment has ceased • the endangerment could have been deflected in other ways, i.e. With less serious consequences • there is a duty to withstand the endangerment (a special situation which does not cover civilians) Necessary self defense [ ] The basis of necessary self-defense is deflection of an imminent or ongoing attack against an interest covered by the Criminal Code (such as right to property or right to life) by performing an action which would otherwise be punishable (such as use of a firearm against the other person). The imminent part means that a party is evidently and immediately threatened, it is not necessary to wait for the attacker to start the attack, especially if he is known for his aggressiveness. (That, however, is not the case if the attack is being prepared, but not imminent). The necessary self-defense may also be enacted when defending someone else's interest (i.e.

Defending their person or their property) as long as the same requirements are met. However, defending against a provoked attack is not considered 'necessary self defense'. There is no requirement of subsidiarity: in this respect 'necessary self defense' differs from 'utmost necessity'. The main limitation is that the defense may not be manifestly disproportionate to the manner of the attack.

The manner of the attack is not the same as its intensity, which is only a part of it. For example, 'intensity' covers whether the attack is committed by a single attacker or a group, with or without a gun, and the relative strength of the attacker and the party attacked, etc. But the manner also includes future imminent dangers, such as the possibility that single attacker might imminently be joined by others.

As regards proportionality, the law states that a self-defense may not be manifestly disproportionate. It is evident, that for a self-defense to be successful, it has to be performed on a level exceeding the attack. Unlike in case of necessity, the consequence of necessary self-defense may be more serious than consequence of the attack. The defense may not be restricted to a passive one, it can also be active. It is not the outcome of the incident but the sequence of actions at its beginning which determines who is to be deemed the attacker, and who is the party attacked. There are two main excesses, which are not recognized as necessary self-defense: • defense, which continues after the attack is over, i.e. When a robber is running away without any loot ( excess in time) • defense, which is manifestly disproportionate, such as shooting children who steal apples from a tree, or shooting a perpetrator who has passed over a fence, without giving indication of further malevolent or criminal intentions ( excess in intensity) Eligible use of a gun [ ] Eligible use of a gun is addressed in special enactments dealing with police, secret security service, prison guards etc.

Thus for example a policeman may, under specified conditions, shoot on an escaping suspect, a privilege which an armed civilian does not have. General tendencies [ ]. People training It is acceptable to defend from a violent attack anywhere on the street especially when a person is attacked with a knife or another deadly weapon. Shooting an unarmed attacker also occurs and becomes sometimes a subject of controversy. In general, each case is investigated in great detail before being eventually dismissed as a legitimate self-defense. The defense is judged according to the subjective and objective perception of the defender during the time of the imminent or ongoing attack, and not according to the view of persons who are judging it ex post.

The American style is also not applied however it is usually considered acceptable to defend from a violent home invasion with a firearm. In 2014, an amendment of laws concerning self-defense was proposed with the aim of giving greater leeway to defenders, especially in cases when they would not normally meet the bar for legitimate self-defense under the current legislation, but face extraordinary circumstances, such as confusion as a consequence of the attack, or when facing home invasion. Although there is no law, the fact that necessary defense (unlike utmost necessity) is not subject to subsidiarity means that there is also no duty to retreat. The mere fact that a defender uses a weapon against unarmed attacker does not mean that the defense is disproportionate (and thus not legitimate) to the manner of the attack and the proportionality of defense does not depend on the relative effectiveness of the defender's weapon compared to the intensity of the attack, but on the manner in which the weapon is used (aiming at leg, i.e.

Intended non-deadly defense, may be proportionate where aiming at chest may be manifestly disproportionate, notwithstanding if the slug hits a leg artery and the attacker bleeds to death ). The fact that a person prepares a weapon in order to defend themselves against expected attack does not preclude the defense from being legitimate and, according to courts, it may not be expected from a defender to wait and rely on chance that a damage which is, both objectively and in the defender's subjective understanding, threatened to happen, will not take place.

The defender may use proportionate accessible means in order to prevent an imminent attack and disarm the attacker. A number of successful defensive uses of firearms or other weapon is being cleared as legitimate self-defense by authorities every year without raising wider public concern, including for example a 2014 shooting of an attacker by a bartender in Hořovice, or a 2014 shooting of an aggressive burglar in a garage by homeowner in. However, some cases become rather notable, such as: • In 1991 a group of skinheads attacked a couple on a street in Prague after a man called on them to cease nazi salutes. The commotion was witnessed by Pavel Opočenský, a former, and famous sculptor, who immediately rushed to help the victims. During the fight, Opočenský used his hunting knife and killed a 17-year-old metal-bar-wielding skinhead. Opočenský was first charged with murder and spent 2 months in a. He was released from remand prison after the charges were diminished to intentional infliction of bodily harm resulting in death (i.e.

He was first convicted by the Municipal Court in Prague and conditionally sentenced to 2 years imprisonment with 4 years probation period. After a lengthy legal proceedings in which higher court repeatedly overturned the Municipal Court's convictions and ordered retrial, Opočenský's actions were finally cleared as legitimate self-defense by the High Court in Prague's decision four and half years later. The trial attracted attention of skinheads who conducted various protests. A neo-nazi band Agrese 95 released a song titled 'We shall go together and kill Opočenský.' • In 2003, Slavoj Hašek was awoken by commotion from outside of his house. Hašek left his house with a shotgun and pursued a thief.

After the thief got to his own car and drove it in Hašek's direction, he shot and killed him. Hašek was sentenced to five years imprisonment with the High Court in Olomouc arguing that the defense could not be legitimate, since the shot went through a side window rather than through the front windshield. Hašek was pardoned by President shortly thereafter. • In 2006 a private security guard with a pistol pursued on foot two men whom he believed tried to steal scrap metal. The men climbed on a railway embankment and started throwing rocks down at the guard who thereafter shot ten rounds in their direction, mortally wounding one of them in the head. The guard was first convicted of murder by the Municipal Court in Prague and given a sentence of 7 years imprisonment.

The decision was changed by the High Court in Prague to conviction of intentional infliction of bodily harm resulting in death (i.e. Manslaughter) and a sentence of five years imprisonment. The guard was finally exonerated by the Supreme Court in Brno which considered his action legitimate self-defense, noting that defense must be clearly more intensive than attack in order to be successful, and that the stones and bricks being thrown presented grave danger to the man's life. • In 2009, a security system at a scrap metal yard, which had been repeatedly burglarized, went off.

The yard's owner was at the time on a hunt close to the yard and drove directly to it. A group of burglars jumped into their car and attempted to drive away.

The owner used his shotgun and attempted to shoot the car's tires, hitting and wounding two of its occupants. He was sentenced to 6 years imprisonment for intentional infliction of bodily harm, a sentence that was confirmed on appeal. The owner received full presidential pardon. • In 2010, a student from Azerbaijan was verbally attacked by a group of other foreigners in a bar in Prague.

The student left the bar and proceeded to his friend's car, being followed by the group who continued to verbally attack him and his family and stating that 'the issue needs to be solved immediately'. The student recovered a knife from the car and took a stand. Thereafter one of the foreigners started punching him. The student stabbed one of the four attackers and then engaged in fight with another, whom he stabbed in the leg and who bled to death. The Municipal Court in Prague convicted the Azerbaijanian student of intentional infliction of bodily harm with excusable motive and sentenced him to two year in prison.

The decision was overturned by the High Court in Prague who considered the death an outcome of legitimate self-defense. The Supreme State Attorney mounted an extraordinary appeal to the Supreme Court, which however confirmed the acquittal, noting that the verbal abuse continued even after the victim got into the car and he could thus legitimately perceive it as an ongoing attack. The Supreme Court also refused the Municipal Court's previous line of argumentation that the victim could have easily left the place once in the car (as there is no duty to retreat under Czech law) as well as its reasoning that the threat did not reach such an intensity as to justify a lethal defense. • In 2012, two brothers in their early 20s, one of them armed with a knife, attacked a 63-year-old man in a town in the Northern Bohemian borderland. He shot both attackers with his legally owned pistol, killing one of them. The police closed the case as legitimate self-defense six months later and brought charges against the surviving attacker. • In 2017, A man with criminal and drug abuse history attempted to rob a store in Prague, armed with a knife.

He managed to stab the store owner, but was shot by his wife and later died in hospital. Police ruled out the shooting as legitimate self-defense. This case is notable, because the store the man attempted to rob was a gun store, leading many to speculations that the robbery was, in fact, a suicide attempt. Popularity of guns [ ]. PAR MK3 Rifle - locally produced AR 15 derivative popular for sport shooting as well as home defense Given that firearms possession was banned during German Nazi occupation and then allowed only to those deemed loyal during the Communist regime, the right to be armed is seen as one of attributes of liberty in the country. Together with rapid rise of criminality involving illegal firearms following the Velvet Revolution, this led to fast rise in legal firearms ownership in the country in the 1990s.

By 2001, some 3% of population possessed firearms licenses. The number of license holders was falling slightly from this point (faster as regards C licenses, while E licenses remained mostly level) until the 2015 EU Gun Ban Proposal, from which point the number of license holders began to rise again (mostly E licenses). The police recorded a tripling of average monthly applications for firearms licenses by the end of 2015 compared to the beginning of that year. While the number of license holders started to rise gradually, firearm sales rose even faster in 2015, mostly prompted by the EU efforts to restrict law abiding citizens' access to firearms. Average annual rise in the number of registered firearms amounted to 14,500 guns between 2006 and 2014, there were 54,508 new registered firearms in 2015 alone. Local tendencies generally follow the nationwide trend, however any worsening of security in any given district is often followed by a sharp rise in gun ownership therein.

For example, in 2011, after a wave of racially motivated attacks by Romani perpetrators against majority population victims, there was a rise of gun ownership in area. 240,000 out of 300,000 (2016) gun owners have self-defense licenses, which permit them to carry concealed firearms for protection (any B or C category firearm, not only pistols). Following a wave of terror attacks around Europe, a number of politicians as well as security professionals started urging gun owners to actually carry firearms in order to be able to contribute to protection. These included, among many others, the President, whose own wife obtained E license and a revolver, as well as Libor Lochman, Chief of, the country's main special forces anti-terrorism unit. While there are no statistics as regards how many E license holder actually do carry firearms in general, there are places known for high concealed carry rate, such as.

Unlike elsewhere in Europe, there is a relatively high proportion of semi-automatic firearms in the country, which are generally considered better suited for self-defense. The most owned firearms in the country are CZ 75 Compact and Glock 17. Other popular guns include clones and semi-automatic rifles made by Czech manufacturers, especially and (of which there are 3 manufacturers). There are relatively fewer, mostly from US manufacturers such as and, or Czech producers and Kora.

Incidents and gun crimes [ ]. Main article: The European Commission proposed a package of measures aimed to 'make it more difficult to acquire firearms in the European Union' on 18 November 2015.

President Juncker introduced the aim of amending the as a Commission's reaction to a previous wave of Islamist terror attacks in several EU cities. The main aim of the Commission proposal rested in banning B7 firearms (and objects that look alike), even though no such firearm has previously been used during commitment of a terror attack in EU (of 31 terror attacks, 9 were committed with guns, the other 22 with explosives or other means. Of these 9, 8 cases made use of either illegally smuggled or illegally refurbished deactivated firearms while during the a military rifle stolen from the army was used.) The proposal, which became widely known as the ' EU Gun Ban', would in effect ban most legally owned firearms in the Czech Republic, was met with rejection: • Government Resolution No. 428/2016 of 11 May 2016 The Government tasks the Prime Minister, the First Vice-Prime Minister for Economy and Minister of Finance, Minister of Interior, Minister of Defense, Minister of Industry and Trade, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Labor and Social Affairs to (1) conduct any and all procedural, political and diplomatic measures necessary to prevent adoption of such a proposal of European Directive, that would amend the Directive No. 91/477/EEC in a way which would excessively affect the rights of the citizens of the Czech Republic and which would have negative effect on internal order, defense capabilities and economical or labor situation in the Czech Republic and (2) enforce such changes to the proposal of directive that would amend the directive no. 91/477/EEC that will allow preservation of the current level of civil rights of citizens of the Czech Republic and which will prevent negative impact on internal order, defense capabilities and economical and labor situation in the Czech Republic.

• Resolution of Chamber of Deputies No.