Belgian Mercury Outboard Serial Numbers more. Benjamin Franklin's publication of charts of the Atlantic Gulf Stream demonstrate how the conversion of vernacular maritime knowledge could be appropriated and refashioned by middling Creole Americans in imperial. It proved extremely difficult to keep control over long-distance agents and to keep their knowledge.

Aristides and Angelina de Sousa Mendes with their first six children, 1917 Sousa Mendes and his twin studied law at the, and each obtained his degree in 1908. In that same year, Sousa Mendes married his childhood sweetheart, Maria Angelina Coelho de Sousa (born August 20, 1888).

They eventually had fourteen children, born in the various countries in which he served. Shortly after his marriage, Sousa Mendes began the consular officer career that would take him and his family around the world. Early in his career, he served in Zanzibar, Brazil, Spain, the United States, and Belgium. Sousa Mendes was not shy about expressing his independent views.

In August 1919, while posted in Brazil, he was 'temporarily suspended by the Foreign Ministry, which regarded him as hostile to the republican regime.' Subsequently, 'he had financial problems and was forced to take out a loan in order to provide for his family needs.' He returned home to Portugal where his son Pedro Nuno was born in Coimbra in April 1920.

In 1921, Sousa Mendes was assigned to the Portuguese consulate in, and two more of his children were born there. In 1923, he angered some members of the Portuguese-American community because of his insistence that certain applicants contribute to a Portuguese charity. Both sides decided to publish their arguments in local newspapers. Ultimately the conflict led to the US Department of State canceling his consular which prevented him from continuing his consular services in the US. While in San Francisco, Sousa Mendes helped establish a Portuguese Studies program at the University of California at Berkeley. In the month of replaced the republic in Portugal with a military dictatorship, a regime that according to Sousa Mendes 'had been greeted with delight' in Portugal.

He supported the new regime at first and his career perspectives improved. In the month of March 1927 Sousa Mendes was assigned to serve as the Consul in in Spain, where he helped the new regime neutralize Oppositionists. He was then sent to, Belgium in 1929 to serve as Dean of the Consular Corps. The year of 1934 was a tragic year for the Sousa Mendes family with the loss of two of its children, Raquel barely one year old of age, and Manuel who had just graduated from the University of Louvain. In Antwerp Sousa Mendes was disciplined for tardiness in the transferring of funds to the head of the Foreign Office.

He was assigned in the year of 1938 to the post of Consul-General of, with jurisdiction over the whole of the southwest of France. 3dgirlz Crack Password Zip File. World War II and Circular 14. Refugees in Belgium, May 1940 F4499 In 1932 the Portuguese dictatorship of had begun and by 1933 the secret police was created, the State Defense and Surveillance Police,. According to historian Avraham Milgram by 1938 Salazar 'knew the Nazis' approach to the 'Jewish question'.

From fears that aliens may undermine the regime, entry was severely limited. Toward this end the apparatus of the PVDE was extended with its International Department given greater control over border patrol and the entry of aliens. Presumably most aliens wishing to enter Portugal at that time were Jews.' Like its European counterparts adopted tighter immigration policies preventing refuges from settling in the country. Circular 10, on October 28 of 1938, addressed to consular representations, deemed that settling was forbidden to Jews, allowing entrance on a for thirty days. On November 9 of 1938 the Nazi government of Germany began open war against its Jewish citizens in the known as, when 1,000 synagogues were burned, 30,000 Jews were arrested and at least 91 Jews were murdered.

On September 1 of 1939 Nazi Germany invaded Poland, home at that time of the largest Jewish community in the world, precipitating the beginning of World War II. Salazar reacted sending a telegram to the Portuguese Embassy in Berlin ordering that it should be made clear to the German Reich that Portuguese law did not allow any distinction based on race and therefore Portuguese Jewish citizens could not be discriminated against. The German invasion of Poland led France and the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany. The number of refugees trying to make use of Portugal's neutrality as an escape route increased and between the months of September and December approximately 9,000 refugees entered Portugal. Passport forgery and false statements were common. The regime felt the need for tighter control On November 11 of 1939, the Portuguese government sent Circular 14 to all Portuguese consuls throughout Europe stating the categories of war refugees whom the PVDE considered to be 'inconvenient or dangerous.'

The Dispatch allowed consuls to keep on granting Portuguese transit visas, but established that in the case of 'Foreigners of indefinite or contested nationality, the Stateless, Russian Citizens, Holders of a, or Jews expelled from their countries and those alleging to embark from a Portuguese port without a consular visa for their country of destination, or air or sea tickets, or an Embarkation Guarantee from the respective companies, the consuls needed to ask permission in advance to the Foreign Ministry head office in Lisbon.' With Europe at war this meant that refugees fleeing from Nazism would have serious difficulties.

Historian asserts that Circular 14 “was not issued out of thin air” and that this type of barrier was not unique to Portugal and with the country’s very limited economic resources it was viewed as necessary. It was economic reasons rather than ideological reasons that made the Portuguese avoid accepting more refugees says Lochery. Milgram expressed similar views, asserting that Portugal’s regime did not distinguish between Jews and non-Jews but rather between immigrant Jews who came and had the means to leave the country and those lacking them. Portugal prevented Jews from putting down roots in the country not because they were Jews but because the regime feared foreign influence in general, and feared the entrance of Bolsheviks and left-wing agitators fleeing from Germany. Milgram believes that antisemitic ideological patterns had no hold in the ruling structure of the 'Estado Novo' and a fortiori in the various strata of Portuguese society. Milgram also says that modern anti-Semitism failed 'to establish even a toehold in Portugal' while it grew racist and virulent elsewhere in early twentieth-century Europe.

Salazar`s policies towards the Jews seem to have been favorable and consistent. ' Nevertheless although it was not anti-Semitism that motivated the Portuguese government, but the danger of mass emigration to the country, the outcome of the border policy made life difficult for Jews fleeing Nazism. Sousa Mendes' disobedience to the orders of the Salazar dictatorship. Aristides de Sousa Mendes, 1940 According to Dr. Mordecai Paldiel, past Director of the Department of the Righteous at Yad Vashem, 'In Portugal of those days, it was unthinkable for a diplomatic official, especially in a sensitive post, to disobey clear-cut instructions and get away with it.' However Yad Vashem historian Avraham Milgram has a different view.

Milgram says that “issuing visas in contravention of instructions was widespread at Portuguese consulates all over Europe” and that “this form of insubordination was rife in consular circles.' Sousa Mendes began disobeying Dispatch 14 almost immediately, on the grounds that it was an inhumane and racist directive.